Relación del nivel socioeconómico con el rendimiento académico de estudiantes durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Relationship of socioeconomic level with the academic performance of students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) de las familias tiene un papel fundamentan en el desempeño académico de los estudiantes. Durante la pandemia, las familias con NSE bajo tuvieron menores oportunidades y se acrecentaron las desigualdades por limitaciones económicas y técnicas, lo cual pudo haber influido en las calificaciones y rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Objetivo: identificar la relación entre el NSE y el rendimiento académico de un grupo de estudiantes de licenciatura en enfermería durante la pandemia COVID-19. Metodología: estudio transversal, cuantitativo, analítico, con alumnos que tuvieron educación a distancia, se utilizó el instrumento denominado Nivel Socioeconómico (NSE) de la Asociación Mexicana de Agencias de Inteligencia de Mercado y Opinión Pública (AMAI), así como los promedios del semestre cursado en línea Resultados: participaron 167 alumnos, entre las variables de rendimiento académico y nivel socioeconómico se obtuvo un valor de p = 0.961, para las variables de sexo y estado civil se encontró asociación con un valor de p < 0.05. Conclusiones: no se identificó ninguna relación entre las variables del rendimiento académico y el nivel socioeconómico; sin embargo, otras variables como estado civil y sexo dieron significancia estadística, por lo que se sugiere ahondar en estas variables, así como su relación con el rendimiento académico.

Introduction: The socioeconomic level (SES) of families has a fundamental role in the academic performance of students, during the pandemic families with a low SES had fewer opportunities and increased inequalities due to economic and technical limitations, which could influence grades and academic performance. of the students Objective: To identify th e relationship between the SES and aca demic performance of nursing undergraduate students during COVID-19. Methodology: Cross-sectional, quantitative, analytical study with students who had distance education, the instrument called Socioeconomic Level (NSE) of the Mexican Association of Market Intelligence Agencies and Public Opinion (AMAI) was used. and the averages of the semester completed online. Results: 167 students participated, between the variables of academic performance and socioeconomic level a value of p = 0.961 was obtained, for the variables of sex, marital status an association was found with a p value less than 0.05. Conclusions: No relationship was identified between the variables of academic performance and socioeconomic level, however, other variables such as marital status and sex gave statistical significance, so it is suggested to delve into these variables as well as their relationship with academic performance.

Ag/Cr-TiO2 and Pd/Cr-TiO2 for Organic Dyes Elimination and Treatment of Polluted River Water in Presence of Visible Light.

In this work, photocatalytic materials constituted by Cr-doped TiO2 (Cr-TiO2) decorated with noble metals show high effectiveness in the mineralization of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) and in the disinfection of real river water. The materials were firstly obtained by sol-gel method to get Cr-TiO2 that was subsequently modified by photochemical deposition of Ag or Pd nanoparticles (Ag/Cr-TiO2, Pd/Cr-TiO2). Chemical-physical characterization results evidenced that the noble metals were homogeneously distributed on the Cr-TiO2 surface. By using Pd(0.25%)/Cr-TiO2, the AO7 discoloration efficiency was about 91.4% after only 60 min of visible irradiation, which can be due to the lowest band gap of this material. Moreover, nitrates, chlorides, total hardness, and coliform bacteria content significantly decreased after the treatment of real river water samples (that is contaminated by industrial and domestic effluents) under UV and visible light irradiation in the presence of TiCrOx decorated with noble metals. One hundred percent of elimination rate for E. coli, total coliforms, and other enterobacteriaceae (without regrowth) was achieved by using Ag/Cr-TiO2 as photocatalyst.

PD-L1 testing in advanced gastric cancer-what physicians who treat this disease must know-a literature review.

Background and Objective: Immune checkpoint inhibition has shed light on a new era in cancer therapy, and randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that a meaningful portion of the overall population of metastatic gastric cancer (GC) patients may derive clinical benefit from immunotherapy, which raises the relevance in identifying predictive biomarkers. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression has demonstrated a significant association between level of expression and the magnitude of benefit derived from immune checkpoint inhibition in GC. Nevertheless, this biomarker shows several pitfalls that must be considered in the therapeutic decision to incorporate immune checkpoint inhibition as the standard of care of GC, such as spatial and temporal heterogeneity, interobserver variability, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, and influence by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Methods: In the present comprehensive review, we revised the main studies regarding PD-L1 evaluation in GC. Key Content and Findings: Here we describe the molecular characteristics of the tumor microenvironment in GC, the obstacles in the interpretation of PD-L1 expression and present the data of the clinical trials that have evaluated the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibition and the association with the biomarker expression, both in first-line and later lines of therapy. Conclusions: From the emerging predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibition, PD-L1 has demonstrated a meaningful association between level of expression in tumor microenvironment and the magnitude of benefit derived from immune checkpoint inhibition in GC.

Bacterial incidence and drug resistance from pathogens recovered from blood, cerebrospinal and pleural fluids in 2019-2020. Results of the Invifar network.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. Analysis of sterile fluids is essential because microorganisms are defined as significant in most cases. Blood, cerebrospinal, and pleural fluids are frequently received in the microbiology lab because they are associated with considerable rates of morbi-mortality. Knowledge of epidemiology in these samples is needed to choose proper empirical treatments due to the importance of reducing selection pressure. Methods: We used retrospective laboratory data of blood, CSF, and pleural fluid collected from patients in Mexico between 2019 and 2020. Each laboratory identified the strains and tested susceptibility using its routine methods. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, a comparative analysis was performed with data from the broth microdilution method. Results: Forty-five centers participated in the study, with 30,746 clinical isolates from blood, 2,429 from pleural fluid, and 2,275 from CSF. For blood and CSF, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequent. For blood, among gram negatives, the most frequent was Escherichia coli. Among Enterobacterales, 9.8% of K. pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistant. For S. pneumoniae, similar resistance percentages were observed for levofloxacin, cefotaxime, and vancomycin. For CSF, the most frequent gram-negative was E. coli. In Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem resistance was 71.4%. The most frequent species detected for pleural fluid was E. coli; in A. baumannii, carbapenem resistance was 96.3%. Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria, with E. coli most prevalent, are frequently recovered from CSF, blood, and pleural fluid. In S. pneumoniae, the routine, conventional methods showed good agreement in detecting resistance percentages for erythromycin, levofloxacin, and vancomycin.

Grupo multifamiliar em transtornos alimentares durante a primeira onda da pandemia de covid-19: transição para a modalidade online / Multifamily group on eating disorders during the first wave of the covid-19 pandemic: transitioning to the online modality / Grupo multifamiliar de trastornos alimentarios durante la primera ola de la pandemia de la covid-19: transición a la modalidad en línea

As restrições impostas pela pandemia de covid-19 levaram os serviços de saúde a reorganizarem seu funcionamento, ajustando-se à modalidade remota. A transição repentina e sem o devido preparo técnico impôs desafios adicionais para usuários e profissionais. Para aprimorar as estratégias assistenciais, torna-se imprescindível dar voz aos usuários dos serviços, para que narrem suas experiências e possam manifestar suas facilidades e dificuldades com essa passagem. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar como os principais cuidadores familiares de pessoas com transtornos alimentares vivenciaram a transição do grupo de apoio para o formato remoto e identificar vantagens e desvantagens percebidas nesse modelo. Estudo clínico-qualitativo, exploratório, realizado em um serviço de atendimento especializado de um hospital terciário. O cenário investigado foi o grupo de apoio psicológico aberto a familiares que, desde o início da pandemia de covid-19, passou a ser oferecido na modalidade online. Participaram do estudo cinco mães e três pais presentes em 13 sessões grupais consecutivas. Entrevistas individuais foram aplicadas com a Técnica do Incidente Crítico logo após o término de cada encontro grupal, totalizando 26 entrevistas audiogravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise temática. A transição para o online foi vivenciada pelos participantes como um recurso válido para permitir que o grupo funcionasse em tempos de grave crise sanitária. Como vantagens, foram mencionadas: a continuidade do cuidado, maior acessibilidade e facilidade em relação à logística da participação. Como limitações do formato online, foram destacadas: nem todos os familiares contam com conexão de internet de qualidade e possível dificuldade para manusear a tecnologia digital. Apesar dos desafios impostos pela súbita mudança para a modalidade online, na perspectiva dos usuários do serviço os esforços de adaptação foram bem-sucedidos, possibilitando a continuidade do cuidado à saúde mental.(AU)

The constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic led health services to reorganize their operation, adjusting to the online modality. The sudden and unprepared technical transition has imposed additional challenges for both users and professionals. To improve care strategies, it is essential to give voice to services users, so that they can narrate their experiences and express their facilities and difficulties with this transition. This study aims to investigate how main family caregivers of people with eating disorders experienced the transition of the support group to the remote modality and to identify perceived advantages and disadvantages in this model. This is a clinical-qualitative, exploratory study carried out in a specialized care service of a tertiary hospital. The investigated setting was the psychological support group open to family members, which since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has been offered online. Five mothers and three fathers who attended 13 consecutive group sessions participated in the study. Individual interviews were carried out with the Critical Incident Technique shortly after the end of each group meeting with all members, totaling 26 audio-recorded interviews. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. Transition was experienced as a valid resource to maintain the group active in times of a severe health crisis. As advantages of the remote modality were mentioned: continuity of care, greater accessibility, and ease in relation to the logistics of participation. As limitations of the online format were highlighted: not everyone has a good-quality connection to the internet, and difficulty in handling the digital technology. Despite the challenges imposed by the sudden shift to the online modality, from the service users' perspective the adaptation efforts were successful, enabling continuity of mental health care.(AU)

Las limitaciones que impuso la pandemia de la COVID-19 llevaron a los servicios sanitarios a reorganizar su funcionamiento adaptándose a la modalidad remota. El súbito cambio y sin la preparación técnica adecuada implicó retos adicionales a los usuarios y profesionales. Para mejorar las estrategias de atención es fundamental dar voz a los usuarios de los servicios, para que puedan narrar sus experiencias y expresar sus facilidades y dificultades con esta transición. Este estudio pretende investigar cómo han vivido los cuidadores de personas con trastornos alimentarios la transición del grupo de apoyo presencial al formato remoto e identificar las ventajas y desventajas percibidas en este modelo. Se trata de un estudio clínicocualitativo, exploratorio. El escenario investigado fue el grupo de apoyo psicológico abierto a los familiares en la modalidad en línea. Cinco madres y tres padres participaron en 13 sesiones de grupo consecutivas. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales con la técnica de incidentes críticos inmediatamente después de cada reunión del grupo, con un total de 26 entrevistas grabadas en audio, transcritas y sometidas a análisis temático. La transición a la red fue experimentada como un recurso válido para permitir que el grupo funcione en tiempos de crisis sanitaria grave. Las ventajas de la modalidad remota fueron conexión segura en tiempos de confinamiento físico, continuidad, mayor accesibilidad y facilidad en relación con la logística de la participación. Las limitaciones del formato en línea fueron la falta de una conexión de calidad a Internet y la posible dificultad de manejo de la tecnología digital. A pesar de las dificultades impuestas por el cambio repentino a la modalidad en línea, desde la perspectiva de los usuarios del servicio los esfuerzos de adaptación fueron un éxito, lo que permitió seguir con la atención de salud mental.(AU)

Vitamin D and colorectal cancer - A practical review of the literature.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and the second cause worldwide. Its incidence rates have been decreasing in the overall population in the US in the past few decades, but with increasing rates in the population younger than 50 years old. Environmental factors are supposed to be involved in the development of the disease, with strong evidence favoring an influence of the diet and lifestyle. A diet high in red meat and calories, and low in fiber, fruits and vegetables increases the risk of CRC, as well as physical inactivity. The influence of low calcium intake and low levels of vitamin D on the risk of the disease and on the clinical outcomes of CRC patients has also been investigated. Hypovitaminosis D has been highly prevalent worldwide and associated with several chronic diseases, including malignancies. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with the main function of regulating bone metabolism, but with many other physiological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiangiogenic effects, potentially acting as a carcinogenesis inhibitor. In this review, we aim to describe the relation of vitamin D with malignant diseases, mainly CRC, as well as to highlight the results of the studies which addressed the potential role of vitamin D in the development and progression of the disease. In addition, we will present the results of the pivotal randomized clinical trials that evaluated the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the clinical outcomes of patients with CRC.

Biologics in rectal cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the use of multimodality therapy, locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) still presents high rates of disease recurrence. Fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy concurrently with radiation therapy (RT) remains the cornerstone of neoadjuvant therapy of LARC, and novel therapies are urgently needed in order to improve the clinical outcomes. AREAS COVERED: We aim to summarize data from completed and ongoing clinical trials addressing the role of biological therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and gene therapies in the systemic therapy of rectal cancer. EXPERT OPINION: Deeper understanding of the molecular biology of colorectal cancer (CRC) has allowed meaningful advances in the systemic therapy of metastatic disease in the past few years. The larger applicability of biological therapy in CRC, including genome-guided targeted therapy, antiangiogenics, and immunotherapy, gives us optimism for the personalized management of rectal cancer. Microsatellite instability (MSI) tumors have demonstrated high sensitivity to ICIs, and preliminary findings in the neoadjuvant setting of rectal cancer are promising. To date, antiangiogenic and anti-EGFR therapies in LARC have not demonstrated the same benefit seen in metastatic disease. The outstanding results accomplished by biomarker-guided therapy in metastatic CRC will guide future developments of biological therapy in LARC.

Perception of family members of people with eating disorders about treatment: a metasynthesis of the literature, / Percepção de familiares de pessoas com transtornos alimentares acerca do tratamento: uma metassíntese da literatura

Abstract Family relationships seem to have a relevant contribution to the etiopathogenesis of eating disorders (EDs), which makes the international treatment guidelines recommend family participation. This study aimed to synthesize and reinterpret the findings of primary qualitative studies about the perception of family of people with EDs about treatment. The search strategy was organized using the SPIDER tool, and the analyzes were carried out by two independent reviewers. From 1115 studies originally retrieved from six databases (CINAHL, LILACS, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science), 19 articles were selected. The results converge to the recognition that the family is part of the process and also needs to be considered as a care recipient, not just as a coadjuvant/companion for the patient. Since family dynamics have a relevant contribution in the development and maintenance of EDs, it is necessary to invest in the transformation of family relationships so that more effective and lasting gains in treatment can be obtained.

Resumo Relações familiares parecem ter uma contribuição relevante na etiopatogenia dos transtornos alimentares (TAs), o que faz com que as diretrizes internacionais de tratamento recomendem a participação da família. Esta metassíntese teve como objetivo sintetizar e reinterpretar os resultados de estudos qualitativos primários sobre a percepção de familiares de pessoas com TAs acerca do tratamento. A estratégia de busca foi organizada utilizando-se a ferramenta SPIDER e as análises foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes. A partir de 1.115 estudos originariamente recuperados de 6 bases de dados (CINAHL, LILACS, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science), foram selecionados 19 artigos. Os resultados convergem para o reconhecimento de que a família é parte do processo saúde-doença e precisa ser considerada como destinatária de cuidados, não apenas como coadjuvante/acompanhante no cuidado à pessoa acometida. Como a dinâmica familiar tem contribuição relevante no desenvolvimento e na manutenção dos TAs, é necessário investir na transformação das relações familiares para que se possam obter ganhos mais efetivos e duradouros no tratamento.

Fatores facilitadores e dificultadores reportados por filhas ao lidarem com a doença e o tratamento oncológico das mães / Facilitating and hindering factors reported by daughters when dealing with mothers' disease and cancer treatment

O câncer de mama é causa relevante de morbimortalidade feminina. Embora as repercussões na família sejam alvo de inúmeros estudos, os impactos psicológicos sobre as filhas permanecem pouco explorados. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores que facilitam ou dificultam o enfrentamento de filhas de mulheres acometidas pelo câncer de mama na situação de doença e tratamento oncológico de suas mães. Participaram 11 filhas de mulheres que cuidaram de suas mães adoecidas. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais, audiogravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Os relatos foram submetidos à análise temática indutiva. Foram identificados fatores facilitadores e dificultadores. Em relação aos primeiros, as filhas destacaram a fé inspirada por alguma força maior ou religião, o apoio recebido de familiares e a percepção da força e coragem materna na luta pela sobrevivência. Por outro lado, a falta de apoio por parte de alguns membros da família e dos serviços médicos e oncológicos fragilizou o processo de enfrentamento. Os resultados destacam a importância da oferta de apoio social e cuidado especializado às filhas cujas mães são acometidas por uma doença carregada de estigmas e preconceitos, e que ainda apresenta altas taxas de letalidade em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil.

Breast cancer is a relevant cause of female morbidity and mortality. Although the repercussions on the family are the subject of numerous studies, the psychological impacts on the daughters remain little explored. This study aimed to investigate the factors that facilitate or hinder the coping of daughters of women affected by breast cancer in the situation of disease and cancer treatment of their mothers. Participants included eleven daughters of women who took care of their sick mothers. Individual interviews were recorded, audio-recorded and transcribed in full. The reports were submitted to inductive thematic analysis. Facilitating and hindering factors were identified. Considering the facilitating factors, the daughters highlighted the faith inspired by some superior strength or religion, the support received from family members and the perception of the courage and strength of the mother who fights for survival. On the other hand, the lack of support from some family members and medical and cancer services weakened the coping process. The results highlight the importance of offering social support and specialized care to daughters whose mothers are afflicted with a disease laden with stigma and prejudice, and which still has high lethality rates in developing countries like Brazil.

Innate immune evasion revealed in a colorectal zebrafish xenograft model.

Cancer immunoediting is a dynamic process of crosstalk between tumor cells and the immune system. Herein, we explore the fast zebrafish xenograft model to investigate the innate immune contribution to this process. Using multiple breast and colorectal cancer cell lines and zAvatars, we find that some are cleared (regressors) while others engraft (progressors) in zebrafish xenografts. We focus on two human colorectal cancer cells derived from the same patient that show contrasting engraftment/clearance profiles. Using polyclonal xenografts to mimic intra-tumor heterogeneity, we demonstrate that SW620_progressors can block clearance of SW480_regressors. SW480_regressors recruit macrophages and neutrophils more efficiently than SW620_progressors; SW620_progressors however, modulate macrophages towards a pro-tumoral phenotype. Genetic and chemical suppression of myeloid cells indicates that macrophages and neutrophils play a crucial role in clearance. Single-cell-transcriptome analysis shows a fast subclonal selection, with clearance of regressor subclones associated with IFN/Notch signaling and escaper-expanded subclones with enrichment of IL10 pathway. Overall, our work opens the possibility of using zebrafish xenografts as living biomarkers of the tumor microenvironment.

Telomere shortening produces an inflammatory environment that increases tumor incidence in zebrafish.

Cancer incidence increases exponentially with age when human telomeres are shorter. Similarly, telomerase reverse transcriptase (tert) mutant zebrafish have premature short telomeres and anticipate cancer incidence to younger ages. However, because short telomeres constitute a road block to cell proliferation, telomere shortening is currently viewed as a tumor suppressor mechanism and should protect from cancer. This conundrum is not fully understood. In our current study, we report that telomere shortening promotes cancer in a noncell autonomous manner. Using zebrafish chimeras, we show increased incidence of invasive melanoma when wild-type (WT) tumors are generated in tert mutant zebrafish. Tissues adjacent to melanoma lesions (skin) and distant organs (intestine) in tert mutants exhibited higher levels of senescence and inflammation. In addition, we transferred second generation (G2) tert blastula cells into WT to produce embryo chimeras. Cells with very short telomeres induced increased tumor necrosis factor1-α (TNF1-α) expression and senescence in larval tissues in a noncell autonomous manner, creating an inflammatory environment. Considering that inflammation is protumorigenic, we transplanted melanoma-derived cells into G2 tert zebrafish embryos and observed that tissue environment with short telomeres leads to increased tumor development. To test if inflammation was necessary for this effect, we treated melanoma transplants with nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs and show that higher melanoma dissemination can be averted. Thus, apart from the cell autonomous role of short telomeres in contributing to genome instability, we propose that telomere shortening with age causes systemic chronic inflammation leading to increased tumor incidence.

Impaired path integration in mice with disrupted grid cell firing.

Path integration (PI) is a highly conserved, self-motion-based navigation strategy. Since the discovery of grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex, neurophysiological data and computational models have suggested that these neurons serve PI. However, more direct empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis has been missing due to a lack of selective manipulations of grid cell activity and suitable behavioral assessments. Here we report that selective disruption of grid cell activity in mice can be achieved by removing NMDA glutamate receptors from the retro-hippocampal region and that disrupted grid cell firing accounts for impaired PI performance. Notably, the genetic manipulation did not affect the activity of other spatially selective cells in the medial entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus. By directly linking grid cell activity to PI, these results contribute to a better understanding of how grid cells support navigation and spatial memory.

Distinct Corticostriatal GABAergic Neurons Modulate Striatal Output Neurons and Motor Activity.

The motor cortico-basal ganglion loop is critical for motor planning, execution, and learning. Balanced excitation and inhibition in this loop is crucial for proper motor output. Excitatory neurons have been thought to be the only source of motor cortical input to the striatum. Here, we identify long-range projecting GABAergic neurons in the primary (M1) and secondary (M2) motor cortex that target the dorsal striatum. This population of projecting GABAergic neurons comprises both somatostatin-positive (SOM+) and parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons that target direct and indirect pathway striatal output neurons as well as cholinergic interneurons differentially. Notably, optogenetic stimulation of M1 PV+ and M2 SOM+ projecting neurons reduced locomotion, whereas stimulation of M1 SOM+ projecting neurons enhanced locomotion. Thus, corticostriatal GABAergic projections modulate striatal output and motor activity.

Impaired path integration and grid cell spatial periodicity in mice lacking GluA1-containing AMPA receptors.

The hippocampus and the parahippocampal region have been proposed to contribute to path integration. Mice lacking GluA1-containing AMPA receptors (GluA1(-/-) mice) were previously shown to exhibit impaired hippocampal place cell selectivity. Here we investigated whether path integration performance and the activity of grid cells of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are affected in these mice. We first tested GluA1(-/-) mice on a standard food-carrying homing task and found that they were impaired in processing idiothetic cues. To corroborate these findings, we developed an L-maze task that is less complex and is performed entirely in darkness, thereby reducing numerous confounding variables when testing path integration. Also in this task, the performance of GluA1(-/-) mice was impaired. Next, we performed in vivo recordings in the MEC of GluA1(-/-) mice. MEC neurons exhibited altered grid cell spatial periodicity and reduced spatial selectivity, whereas head direction tuning and speed modulation were not affected. The firing associations between pairs of neurons in GluA1(-/-) mice were stable, both in time and space, indicating that attractor states were still present despite the lack of grid periodicity. Together, these results support the hypothesis that spatial representations in the hippocampal-entorhinal network contribute to path integration.

Condutas de biossegurança em ambulatório de fonoaudiologia da rede SUS / Biosafety precautions in a speech pathology and audiology clinic from the public health system / Prácticas de bioseguridad en un servicio de fonoaudiología del sistema único de salud

Objetivo: Verificar a adoção das medidas de biossegurança em um Ambulatório de Fonoaudiologia de um hospital escola vinculado à rede SUS, em Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal de inspeção da adoção de medidas de biossegurança realizado com graduandos de fonoaudiologia. Foram observados 100 atendimentos, escolhidos de modo aleatório, nas cinco grandes áreas da fonoaudiologia: Linguagem, Motricidade Orofacial, Audiologia, Saúde Coletiva e Voz. Na observação utilizou-se um roteiro de inspeção, baseado na NR32 do Ministério do Trabalho, contendo quinze questões referentes à higienização das mãos, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, descarte adequado do lixo e material infectante e desinfecção de artigos. Foi criado o Índice de Biossegurança a fim de qualificar os aspectos de biossegurança dos serviços. Resultados: Dos estagiários observados, 4% realizaram higienização das mãos antes do atendimento e 11% utilizaram luvas, 96% utilizaram jaleco e o mantiveram abotoado (93%), com utilização de vestimentas adequadas, sapatos fechados (99%), cabelos presos (81%) e unhas cortadas (88%). Em relação à manipulação dos artigos utilizados durante os atendimentos, apenas 25% foram destinados à desinfecção e 29% foram separados entre limpos e sujos. Os índices de biossegurança não diferiram em relação à área de atuação fonoaudiológica. Conclusão: As medidas de biossegurança foram parcialmente adotadas pelos acadêmicos de Fonoaudiologia, o que potencializa o risco de contaminação de profissionais e pacientes. Torna-se necessário um investimento em ações educativas no campo da biossegurança a fim de se criar uma consciência coletiva nos futuros profissionais.(AU)

Objetivo: Investigar la adopción de medidas de bioseguridad en una clínica de Fonoaudiologia de un hospital universitario vinculado al Sistema Único de Salud, en Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de inspección de la adopción de medidas de bioseguridad realizado con estudiantes de Fonoaudiología. Se observó cien consultas, elegidas al azar, en las cinco grandes áreas de la Fonoaudiologia Lenguaje, Motricidad Orofacial, Audiología, Salud Pública y Voz. En la observación fue utilizado un guión de inspección, basado en la NR32 del Ministerio de Trabajo, que contiene quince preguntas relativas a la higiene de manos, uso de equipo de protección personal, eliminación adecuada de basura y material infectante y desinfección de artículos. Se creó un Index de Bioseguridad para calificar los aspectos de bioseguridad de los servicios. Resultados: De los estudiantes observados, el 4% realizaron la higiene de manos antes de la sesión y 11% utilizaron guantes, el 96% utilizaron abrigo y lo mantuvieron abotonado (93%), con uso de ropa adecuada, zapatos cerrados (99%), el pelo atado (81 %) y uñas cortas (88%). En cuanto a la manipulación de los artículos utilizados durante las sesiones, sólo el 25% fueron destinados a la desinfección y 29% fueron divididos entre limpios y sucios. Los índices de bioseguridad no fueron diferentes según el área de atuación fonoaudiológica. Conclusión: Las medidas de bioseguridad fueron adoptadas en parte por los estudiantes de Fonoaudiología, lo que aumenta el riesgo de contaminación de los profesionales y de los pacientes. Es necesario invertir en actividades educativas en el campo de la bioseguridad con el fin de crear una conciencia colectiva en los futuros profesionales.(AU)

Purpose: Check the adoption of biosefety precautions in a Speech Pathology and Audiology Clinic at a university hospital of the public health system, in Belo Horizonte. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study of biosafety precautions adoption was conducted with Speech Pathology and Audiology undergraduates. We observed 100 sessions, chosen at random, in the five major areas of actuation: Language, Orofacial Motricity, Audiology, Public Health and Voice. A script inspection was used, based in NR32 of Ministry of Labour, with fifteen questions regarding hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, proper disposal of garbage and infectious material and disinfection of articles. A Biosafety Index was created in order to qualify aspects of biosafety services. Results: From the students observed, 4% had hand hygiene before treatment and 11% used gloves, 96% used and kept buttoned coat (93%), using appropriate clothing, closed shoes (99%), hair tied (81%) and cut nails (88%). Regarding the handling of the articles used during the sessions, only 25% were intended for disinfecting and 29% were divided between clean and dirty. The biosafety index was not different in relation to the area of actuation. Conclusion: Biosafety precautions were partially adopted by scholars, which enhances the risk of contamination of professionals and patients. It is necessary to invest in educational activities in the of biosafety in order to create a collective consciousness in future professionals.(AU)

Condutas de biossegurança em ambulatório de fonoaudiologia da rede sus / Biosafety precautions in a speech pathology and audiology clinic from the public health system / Prácticas de bioseguridad en un servicio de fonoaudiología del sistema único de salud

Objetivo: Verificar a adoção das medidas de biossegurança em um Ambulatório de Fonoaudiologia de um hospital escola vinculado à rede SUS, em Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal de inspeção da adoção de medidas de biossegurança realizado com graduandos de fonoaudiologia. Foram observados 100 atendimentos, escolhidos de modo aleatório, nas cinco grandes áreas da fonoaudiologia: Linguagem, Motricidade Orofacial, Audiologia, Saúde Coletiva e Voz. Na observação utilizou-se um roteiro de inspeção, baseado na NR32 do Ministério do Trabalho, contendo quinze questões referentes à higienização das mãos, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, descarte adequado do lixo e material infectante e desinfecção de artigos. Foi criado o Índice de Biossegurança a fim de qualificar os aspectos de biossegurança dos serviços. Resultados: Dos estagiários observados, 4% realizaram higienização das mãos antes do atendimento e 11% utilizaram luvas, 96% utilizaram jaleco e o mantiveram abotoado (93%), com utilização de vestimentas adequadas, sapatos fechados (99%), cabelos presos (81%) e unhas cortadas (88%). Em relação à manipulação dos artigos utilizados durante os atendimentos, apenas 25% foram destinados à desinfecção e 29% foram separados entre limpos e sujos. Os índices de biossegurança não diferiram em relação à área de atuação fonoaudiológica. Conclusão: As medidas de biossegurança foram parcialmente adotadas pelos acadêmicos de Fonoaudiologia, o que potencializa o risco de contaminação de profissionais e pacientes. Torna-se necessário um investimento em ações educativas no campo da biossegurança a fim de se criar uma consciência coletiva nos futuros profissionais.

Purpose: Check the adoption of biosefety precautions in a Speech Pathology and Audiology Clinic at a university hospital of the public health system, in Belo Horizonte. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study of biosafety precautions adoption was conducted with Speech Pathology and Audiology undergraduates. We observed 100 sessions, chosen at random, in the five major areas of actuation: Language, Orofacial Motricity, Audiology, Public Health and Voice. A script inspection was used, based in NR32 of Ministry of Labour, with fifteen questions regarding hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, proper disposal of garbage and infectious material and disinfection of articles. A Biosafety Index was created in order to qualify aspects of biosafety services. Results: From the students observed, 4% had hand hygiene before treatment and 11% used gloves, 96% used and kept buttoned coat (93%), using appropriate clothing, closed shoes (99%), hair tied (81%) and cut nails (88%). Regarding the handling of the articles used during the sessions, only 25% were intended for disinfecting and 29% were divided between clean and dirty. The biosafety index was not different in relation to the area of actuation. Conclusion: Biosafety precautions were partially adopted by scholars, which enhances the risk of contamination of professionals and patients. It is necessary to invest in educational activities in the of biosafety in order to create a collective consciousness in future professionals.

Objetivo: Investigar la adopción de medidas de bioseguridad en una clínica de Fonoaudiologia de un hospital universitario vinculado al Sistema Único de Salud, en Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de inspección de la adopción de medidas de bioseguridad realizado con estudiantes de Fonoaudiología. Se observó cien consultas, elegidas al azar, en las cinco grandes áreas de la Fonoaudiologia Lenguaje, Motricidad Orofacial, Audiología, Salud Pública y Voz. En la observación fue utilizado un guión de inspección, basado en la NR32 del Ministerio de Trabajo, que contiene quince preguntas relativas a la higiene de manos, uso de equipo de protección personal, eliminación adecuada de basura y material infectante y desinfección de artículos. Se creó un Index de Bioseguridad para calificar los aspectos de bioseguridad de los servicios. Resultados: De los estudiantes observados, el 4% realizaron la higiene de manos antes de la sesión y 11% utilizaron guantes, el 96% utilizaron abrigo y lo mantuvieron abotonado (93%), con uso de ropa adecuada, zapatos cerrados (99%), el pelo atado (81 %) y uñas cortas (88%). En cuanto a la manipulación de los artículos utilizados durante las sesiones, sólo el 25% fueron destinados a la desinfección y 29% fueron divididos entre limpios y sucios. Los índices de bioseguridad no fueron diferentes según el área de atuación fonoaudiológica. Conclusión: Las medidas de bioseguridad fueron adoptadas en parte por los estudiantes de Fonoaudiología, lo que aumenta el riesgo de contaminación de los profesionales y de los pacientes. Es necesario invertir en actividades educativas en el campo de la bioseguridad con el fin de crear una conciencia colectiva en los futuros profesionales.

Bacteria isolated from roots and rhizosphere of Vitis vinifera retard water losses, induce abscisic acid accumulation and synthesis of defense-related terpenes in in vitro cultured grapevine.

Eleven bacterial strains were isolated at different soil depths from roots and rhizosphere of grapevines from a commercial vineyard. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing 10 different genera and 8 possible at species level were identified. From them, Bacillus licheniformis Rt4M10 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Rt6M10 were selected according to their characteristics as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Both produced abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the gibberellins A1 and A3 in chemically-defined medium. They also colonized roots of in vitro grown Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec plants. As result of bacterization ABA levels in 45 days-old in vitro plants were increased 76-fold by B. licheniformis and 40-fold by P. fluorescens as compared to controls. Both bacteria diminished plant water loss rate in correlation with increments of ABA. Twenty and 30 days post bacterization the plants incremented terpenes. The monoterpenes α-pinene, terpinolene, 4-carene, limonene, eucalyptol and lilac aldehyde A, and the sesquiterpenes α-bergamotene, α-farnesene, nerolidol and farnesol were assessed by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry analysis. α-Pinene and nerolidol were the most abundant (µg per g of tissue in plants bacterized with P. fluorescens). Only α-pinene, eucalyptol and farnesol were identified at low concentration in non-bacterized plants treated with ABA, while no terpenes were detected in controls. The results obtained along with others from literature suggest that B. licheniformis and P. fluorescens act as stress alleviators by inducing ABA synthesis so diminishing water losses. These bacteria also elicit synthesis of compounds of plant defense via an ABA independent mechanism.

Volatile organic compounds characterized from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec) berries increase at pre-harvest and in response to UV-B radiation.

Ultraviolet-B solar radiation (UV-B) is an environmental signal with biological effects in plant tissues. Recent investigations have assigned a protective role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plant tissues submitted to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study investigated VOCs in berries at three developmental stages (veraison, pre-harvest and harvest) of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec exposed (or not) to UV-B both, in in vitro and field experiments. By Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-EIMS) analysis, 10 VOCs were identified at all developmental stages: four monoterpenes, three aldehydes, two alcohols and one ketone. Monoterpenes increased at pre-harvest and in response to UV-B in both, in vitro and field conditions. UV-B also augmented levels of some aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. These results along with others from the literature suggest that UV-B induce grape berries to produce VOCs (mainly monoterpenes) that protect the tissues from UV-B itself and other abiotic and biotic stresses, and could affect the wine flavor. Higher emission of monoterpenes was observed in the field experiments as compared in vitro, suggesting the UV-B/PAR ratio is not a signal in itself.

[Death certificates of women in childbearing age: search for maternal deaths]. / Declarações de óbitos de mulheres em idade fértil: busca por óbitos maternos.

In Brazil, there is a lack of complete records on death certificates, and its reliability is questioned, especially for causes attributed to pregnancy and childbirth. We investigated, based on death certificates of women in reproductive age, any fields for identifying maternal deaths. Documentary research, conducted in hospital records. We analyzed in death certificates, maternal and no maternal deaths, inconclusive deaths and hidden deaths. To analyze the underlying causes of death we used ICD 10th Revision. Of the 301 death certificates reviewed, 60% had the fields 43/44 completed, and 40% had these fields blank and/or ignored. We found 58.5% of no maternal deaths, 2% of maternal deaths and 39.5% inconclusive. The analysis of inconclusive deaths allowed us to classify 4.3% as hidden deaths. To overcome the incompletitudes of civil registries, it is necessary that all health professionals be committed to the reliability of the information, so the priority target could be reached.

Declarações de óbitos de mulheres em idade fértil: busca por óbitos maternos / Death certificates of women in childbearing age: search for maternal deaths / Certificados de defunción de mujeres en edad fértil: búsqueda por muertes maternas

No Brasil, há deficiência de registros completos na Declaração de Óbito, sendo questionada a confiabilidade, especialmente das causas relacionadas ao ciclo grávido-puerperal. Investigamos, em Declarações de Óbito de mulheres em idade fértil, o preenchimento dos campos que permitem identificar óbitos maternos. Pesquisa documental, conduzida a partir de prontuários hospitalares. Analisamos mortes maternas declaradas, não maternas, inconclusivas e mortes presumíveis. Para análise das causas básicas de morte utilizamos a Lista de Tabulação de Mortalidade da CID - BR-10. Das 301 declarações de óbito analisadas, 60% apresentaram os campos 43/44 preenchidos, e 40% apresentaram estes campos em branco e/ou ignorados. Encontramos 58,5% de mortes não maternas, 2% de mortes maternas declaradas e 39,5% mortes inconclusivas. A análise das mortes inconclusivas permitiu-nos classificar 4,3% como mortes presumíveis. Para sanar as incompletudes dos registros civis, é necessário o empenho de todos os profissionais de saúde para que a fidedignidade das informações seja uma meta atingida.

In Brazil, there is a lack of complete records on death certificates, and its reliability is questioned, especially for causes attributed to pregnancy and childbirth. We investigated, based on death certificates of women in reproductive age, any fields for identifying maternal deaths. Documentary research, conducted in hospital records. We analyzed in death certificates, maternal and no maternal deaths, inconclusive deaths and hidden deaths. To analyze the underlying causes of death we used ICD 10th Revision. Of the 301 death certificates reviewed, 60% had the fields 43/44 completed, and 40% had these fields blank and/or ignored. We found 58.5% of no maternal deaths, 2% of maternal deaths and 39.5% inconclusive. The analysis of inconclusive deaths allowed us to classify 4.3% as hidden deaths. To overcome the incompletitudes of civil registries, it is necessary that all health professionals be committed to the reliability of the information, so the priority target could be reached.

En Brasil, hay falta de registros completos sobre los certificados de defunción, y la fiabilidad, especialmente por causas relacionadas con el embarazo y puerperio he sido cuestionado. Investigamos, con base en los certificados de defunción de mujeres en edad fértil, los campos para la identificación de las muertes maternas. Investigación documental, realizada a partir de registros hospitalarios. Se analizaron los certificados de defunción, muertes maternas y no maternas, no conclusivas y presumibles. Para analizar las causas subyacentes de la muerte utilizamos la CIE 10 Revisión. De los 301 certificados de defunción revisados, 60% tenían campos 43/44 completos, 40% tenían estos campos en blanco y/o ignoradas. Se encontró 58,5% muertes no maternas, 2% de muertes maternas y 39,5% no conclusivas. El análisis de las muertes no conclusivas nos ha permitido clasificar 4,3% de muertes presumibles. Para superar las incompletitudes de los registros civiles, es necesario que todos los profesionales de la salud estén comprometidos con la fiabilidad de la información.